Viral infection has an impact on various biological functions at the level of the whole organism and at the levels of organs, tissues, cells, subcellular structures, molecules, and genes. Thus, the topic of viral virulence and stress can be treated from a variety of perspectives, centering on the immune system, the endocrine system, the gastrointestinal tract, the blood and blood forming tissues, or many other systems and tissue and cell types. Moreover, the approach to the subject matter considered here can also be diverse, for example, clinical, histopathological, cytological, subcellular, and molecular. We focus on the cell of eukaryotic multicellular organisms (eg humans and rodents) and discuss the impact of viral infection on the ER, specifically virus-induced ER stress, the ensuing UPR, and the ER molecular chaperones. |